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Elements of imperfect transmission 1) imperfect Logon : C$r-with regard to the logon directed between a generator and a utilizzatore the following cases can be introduced: Ideal source with connected constant R resistance to a utilizzatore with resistance Zu(f) ¹ R e ru(f) ¹ 0 It is had that it marks directed them is faithful and not risente of the idealità of the utilizzatore that instead is all represented from does not mark reflected them. Connected not ideal source to an ideal utilizzatore The transfer is imperfect sin from the origin
and characterized from the reflection coefficient on the Source and utilizzatore both not ideal It marks directed them he is not faithful and it is function of rg(f) and of ru(f) moreover rebelling is had also of marks reflected them.
2) unexpected Effect additive in escape :
where r(t) it is marks them that base is obtained in
escape from a real channel in band adapted to the 0 ends
when comes applied to it it marks them x(t) whilex(t) are the answer of a idealizzato channel
represented with quadripolo having a function of
3) Disturbance :
where
4) Representation equivalent of an imperfect channel : The outline is constituted from quadripolo an ideal Qu to which it is applied it marks them x(t) and it supplies in escape marks them useful xu(t), such it marks them comes sended to a sommatore is directly that through quadripolo distorting a QD that supplies the member dD(t). To the sommatore the (t) of the independent disturbance comesalsoapplied the member d from marks them of income and in escape it is had marks received them r(t).
5) Transmission in a linear channel varying time : Time varying when the impulsive answer of the same one
varies in the time in aleatory way and independent from it marks them
entering, for semplicità is had a linear channel supposes of having a
linear channel in which the single attenuation he is variable and with
an evolution much slow one, the correspondent transfer function can be
decomposed in two From considerations on the correlation one finds that it
marks them useful xu received
coincides with r(t) therefore marks them of escape is not affection
from disturbs but the channel is not stationary in particular is
obtained the relation between
6) Transmission in an ideal channel invariant time : A channel that is rappresentabile with quadripolo a having
LTI function of Distortion for cut of band: Supponiamo that the channel is behaved as a rectangular
filter low-pass filter, its function of transfer will be of the Linear distortion in band:
This kind of distortion from place to a
variation of the function of transfer of the H(f) channel regarding
the function of ideal transfer H0(f), such relative scostamento is The distortions introduced from the channel can
be eliminated by means of it use of a having equalizzatore function of
transfer
7) Transmission in presence not static linearity : It marks them that she obtains in escape from a quadripolo
not linear is Carrying out a decomposition in series of Mac Laurin of
the unexpected effect additive has The methods in order to reduce the effects of the static linearity are not following: to) back-off the power in income comes reduced so as to to interest the region linear of the characteristic, however it is had that also the escape power consequently is reduced that goes to discapito of the segnale/rumore relationship. b) filtering becomes part to goes them of the quadripolo not to delineate a filter with optimal selettività which it eliminates the products generates the not linear device to you. c) the binoculars come use you of the identical quadripoli everyone of which have in income a power that is inferior of 3dB regarding that it would have if it were alone, the gain total is equal to the gain of everyone of the two component quadripoli, but having carried out a back-off of 3dB it obtains that the unexpected effects of 2° the order are reduced of 3dB while those of 3° the order are reduced of 6dB and therefore via, if then a logon of Push-Pull type is carried out obtains the cancellation of the unexpected effects of equal order. d) predistortion is put to goes
them of the quadripolo not to delineate a quadripolo with
complementary characteristic
8) Effect of the thermal noise on a resistore to absolute temperature T closed on an adapted bipole: The thermal noise from place to a having process spectral
density of constant power
9) Disturbi independent agents on a linear channel: Draft of orthogonal processes regarding that profit, having itself physical causes of nature is intrinsic that extrinsic to care of others the quadripoli that concatenando constitute the considered channel. They are observable to the escape of the quadripolo therefore in a general schematizzazione only have a having sommatore as incomes the trasmissivo means and a generator of disturbs independent dT(t) while the escape is sended to the quadripolo receiving. The disturbance total is dT(t) = dTo(t) nQ(t) where: dTo(t) = nTo(t) nAe(t) d(t) dp(t) is disturbs inherent trasmissivo means, in particular: nTothe (t) it is the intrinsic Gaussian noise of which had trasmissivo means to thermal, quantico noise and of scintillation nAe(t) is extrinsic the Gaussian noise of which had trasmissivo means to disturbs atmospheric and crafts them dI(t) is the which had disturbance to interferences with marks them pertaining to other trasmissivi channels dp(t) is a impulsive disturbance which had to isolated causes nQ(t) is instead the Gaussian noise receiving equivalent of the quadripolo.
10) Gaussian Noise system additive: It disturbs impulsive demand a detailed study in function
of the tipologia of the trasmissivo channel while for the noise to
Gaussian nature a study to general character is possible, in
particular the Gaussian noise ns of the system turns out to be the sum of the Gaussian noise
of trasmissivo means nTo(t)
= nTo(t) nAe(t) having spectral density NTo(f) (…than in
the case trasmissivo means it is found in thermal equilibrium to the
temperature of 290K and is finished in income on an adapted resistore
distributes to the door of receiving escape a
spectral density of constant
11) synthetic Largenesses that express the Gaussian noise in invariant linear quadripoli time: Admitted that the adaptation conditions are satisfied the
generated Gaussian noise from trasmissivo means to its escape it can
be simulated finishing the door of income of quadripolo receiving the
Q on a resistore characterized from a A largeness that has preceded the temperature of noise in
the description of subject systems to disturbs independent is the
figure of noise TTo = T0 = 290K. Replacing An ulterior characterization of quadripolo by means of
the band the equivalent of noise is moreover possible
12) Noise of quadripoli in cascade: A chain of quadripoli you mail in cascade introduces to
the door of income of first a spectral density of noise that is the
sum of the spectral density that they are obtained bringing back in
income the spectral density that everyone of the constituent
quadripoli has to its income that is to the income of quadripolo the
equivalent, has
13) Techniques of reduction of the effects of disturb independent: For it marks them in band base puts a filter passes band for disturbs independent to Gaussian character and a limiter for disturbs impulsive which from place to distortion and therefore it needs of a filter to its escape. In the case of it marks them in traslata band instead the realization of the filter with good selettività is much complex and therefore it is rerun to the technical superheterodyne in order to carry marks them to an intermediate frequency more lowland for which the filtering is simpler. In the case that marks them useful is to constant
envelope, to the aim to maintain this characteristic, comes practiced
the limitation also in traslata band, it is had that the value Tos of the limitation threshold
must respect the inequality |