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Operational amplifiers 1) Amplifier differentiates them: It is a circuit that it supplies in escape marks them
proporziona them to the two marks them of income
2) Amplifier differentiates them with emettitore connection: It is come true by means of two npn having in common the emettitore that through a R resistanceand is connected to a various battery from that one which the resistances of collector are connected both, in such a way increases dynamics. On the bases of the transistors the two are applied mark them of famous income and that one of the two does not come invert while the other comes sfasato of 180°. 3 exited different can be had: to) exited canted between the collector of Q1 and mass b) exited canted between the collector of 2Q and mass c) exited balanced between the collector of Qthe 1 and collector of Q2 The gain of common way Tos can be calculated through Bartlett considering the
semicircuit with the resistance of emettitore 2Rand ,
3) Amplifier differentiates them with generator of constant current: This configuration has been developed in how much in order
to approach itself the amplifier condition differentiates them ideal
is necessary to have a Rand much
high one, but this on the escape characteristics is equivalent to
diminish the slope of the straight one of cargo, and therefore to
lower the job point in such a way, reducing dynamics, in order to
obviate to this problem could be increased the value of the battery
but that could damage the emettitore splice base if the inverse
polarization is too much intense. The problem comes resolved
replacing Rand with a generator
of constant current constituted from npn having a collector connected
to the emettitori of Q1 and
2Q and the emettitore
connected through R3 a - VEE which goes to feeding
also the partitore of tension of base R1, R2 with Rhaving in 2 series a
diode valve, obtains for the currentthe 0 that slides in the collector the value
4) Characteristic of transfer of the amplifier differentiates them: It expresses the value ofthe C1 and ofthe C2 in function of the potential difference them present to the
clips of income, being
5) Characteristics amplifier operational: to) infinite Gain of tension b) infinite Stiffness of income c) Stiffness of null escape d) Relationship of common reiezione infinitely and) infinite Band It observes that in the linear behavior if Tov® ¥ it imposes that for having one exited ended must be vin = v - v- = 0 while being R = the ¥ must be = the 0 therefore operatingly is = the 0, V = 0 that is virtual mass.
6) inverting Amplifier: The inverting clip does not find to mass while 1
marks themv is applied to
the clip inverting through Z1 and finally Z2 realizes the negative feedback. For the analysis he
is sufficient to observe that if the inverting clip is not to mass, it
is also the inverting clip and therefore
7) Sommatore: The inverting clip is not found to mass while it marks them coming from from n generating are applies you to the clip inverting through n stiffnesses, is then a stiffness that realizes the negative feedback. With the same observations made for the inverting amplifier one obtains that it marks them of escape is the sum weighed of marks them of income.
8) not inverting Amplifier: 1 marks themV is applied on the not inverting clip while the inverting
clip is connected to mass through Z1 and the escape through the stiffness of reaction Z2. In virtue of the structure
i differentiate them must be hadv = v = v1 and therefore characterizing
in the two stiffnesses a partitore of tension
9) Amplifier differentiates them: 1 marks themV comes applied al to clip inverting through R1 while the resistance R2 realizes the negative feedback, al
inverting clip does not come instead applied marks them V2 through the partitore of tension R3 , R4 . Through the superimposition of the effects the
expression of the V and the V is estimated- and uguagliano obtaining for the escape tension the
expression Il CMRR currency adding and removing the
10) Integrator: A condenser in the operational feedback is placed of in
configuration inverting, that it determines It is observed that the circuit is behaved as low-pass filter and integral in the feature to slope â?"20dB/decade.
11) Shunt: It is had operational in configuration inverting with an
ability in place of Z1 that it
determines It is observed that the circuit is behaved as high-pass filter and derives in the feature to slope 20dB/decade.
12) Realization of a generator of reference tension: The tensions of reference realized with batteries or zener
are in kind distributed current function, in order to resolve such
problem an not inverting amplifier is used having on clip the
battery or the tension of zener that it can be obtained using the
feeding of the operational one, the escape tension is therefore
13) stabilized Local p0wer source: It is a circuit that independently supplies in escape
always the same tension from the value of the cargo which it is
connected, such function can demand also high currents that for
dissipation reasons cannot be supplied from a integrated circuit like
the operational one that also very it would be lend in virtue of the
low resistance of escape. One uses therefore a pursuer of
emettitore in how much the gain in tension is unitary but the gain in
current is approximately 100, its tension of escape is is sended
through a partitore R1 , R2 to the clip inverting of an
operational one that used for feeding one zener connected to the clip
not inverting of the same one. Uguagliando the tensions to the
clips of income of the operational one Not linear circuits with operational amplifiers14) Limiter to a level: A diode valve in parallel to the resistance of reaction is
come true with an inverting amplifier having, in such a way when the
diode valve is blocked (V2 > -
Vg) an operational normal
school is had inverting while when the diode valve leads (V2 < - Vg) is necessary to consider its
direct resistance much lowland in parallel to the resistance of
feedback and therefore one is had in escape tension much lowland.
To the aim to limit to a various tension from vg I can insert one zener in
contropunta with the diode valve that regarding the previous case has
been invert, is had that sin when V2 < VZ Vg2
the diode valve are interdetto and therefore
15) Limiter to two levels: It is come true with operational in configuration
inverting with two diode valves zener in contropunta places in
parallel to the resistance of feedback, in such a way alternatively
one of the two zener is behaved from diode valve in conduction and
other from zener, one for the negative tensions and the other for the
positive tensions in how much the positive clip is to mass and
consequently also the clip negative, when instead one
16) Limiter of precision: The outline is the same one of the limiter to a level but
it comes added a diode valve (…with the anode towards the
escape) in series to the resistance of feedback and escape V3 comes taken between these two members,
it is had that if V1 < 0 then
V2 > 0 therefore the diode
valve D2 lead and they have
17) Rectifier to double semiwave: 1 marks themV goes to a sommatore to two incomes is directly that passing
through a limiter of precision whose exited is Vi if Vi < 0 or â?"Vi se Vi > 0.
18) Converter AC-DC: A rectifier to double semiwave with in series to the income two opposite elettrolitici with polarity in how much is had electrolytic if it does not have a head to mass differently draft positive semiwaves and negative semiwaves, in this way at least one of the two works correctly and the introduced errors are equal in the two backs, they have the task to cut via continuous the overlapping one to the sinusoide that agrees to straighten. In the making sommatore part of the rectifier has a electrolytic condenser in parallel to the resistance of reaction, in such a way it comes realized a pass-low filter whose frequency of cut is set up through a trimmer so as to to satisfy the specific one on the ripple moreover be a matter itself of a converter adapted for precision measures is necessary that the escape of the operational ones is 0 when the income is 0, to such aim in order to compensate the offset one puts one resistance between the every not inverting clip of operational and the mass.
19) logaritmico Amplifier: It is had operational in configuration inverting with a
diode valve polarized directly in place of the resistance of feedback,
for it has
20) antilogaritmico Amplifier: It is had operational in configuration inverting with a
diode valve polarized directly in place of R1, for it
21) Realization of an analogic multiplier: Draft of a circuit that takes advantage of the property of the second logarithm which the sum of the logarithms is equal to the logarithm of the product therefore taken two largenesses of income, if of ago the logarithm, is added and finally the product of the departure largenesses is made the antilogarithm obtaining. Moreover multiplying the logarithm for one constant the operation of elevation to power can also be realized while changing of sign to the logarithm through an invester the division operation can be realized.
22) Comparatore: It is a device with an income for marks them and an income for the reference tension, is had that the escape is to the high state when the tension of income v is inferior to the tension of reference vr while the escape is low when the tension of income v is advanced to the tension of reference vr .
23) Operational used like comparatore: On the two incomes of an inverting sommatore the tension
of reference V is had and it marks them of income V2 while in place of the resistance of
feedback an ideal diode valve is had zener supposed which being the
positive clip of operational to mass (…and therefore also
the that negative) it imposes to the escape the value VZ or - Vg to second of the current that covers it
24) Comparatore with hysteresis: It is a device that concurs to make that the escape of the
comparatore commuti from high to lowland for a tension of reference VRH and commuti downstairs to
high for one tension of reference VRL ¹ VRH . The circuit is realized with an operational one in
which income v negative is applied to
the clip while one tension V comes applied to clip through a
resistance R1 , finally the
resistance R2 supplies to the
positive feedback therefore the escape can assume only i values high Vlow 2H and V2L . The reference tension is that
one to the positive clip, its value is estimated with the
superimposition of the effects and changes to second of the state of
the escape in fact if the escape is high V2H has
25) Detector of peak: It has the scope memorizzare the maximum value of the shape of wave in income, have 4 possible evolutions: to) an ideal diode valve with a condenser on the cargo, when the tension on the condenser is greater of the income tension, the diode valve is blocked and therefore the continuous condenser memorizzare the maximum tension that it had, if it marks them of income exceeds this last one, the diode valve leads and the condenser is loaded to the new value. b) the problem of the previous configuration is that the condenser can be unloaded is on the cargo that on the diode valve the which if blocked it introduces a high resistance but not infinite, moreover it must be considered also fall of upgrades them ai heads of the diode valve when it leads. In order to resolve these problems the group is placed diode valve-condenser in escape from operational having on the clip a negative the Vout captured i heads of the condenser while it marks them of income V comes applied on the positive clip, if it is advanced to tension v0 in escape the diode valve leads and the operational one is behaved like a pursuer, and the condenser is loaded while if vi < v0 in escape from the operational one have a negative tension, the interdice diode valve and the condenser are remained loaded to the maximum previous value. c) the problem of the previous configuration is that if the diode valve is opened, the feedback ring is opened also and therefore the operational one retroazionato does not stretch to saturate, moreover the condenser can be still unloaded on an eventual cargo, in order to avoid that comes loaded from an operational one in configuration to tension pursuer while the group diode valve-condenser comes carried outside from the feedback of the comparatore of income and the same one comes instead carried out through a diode valve that leads when the other is opened in such a way the operational one does not go in saturation but it follows always the Vin . It marks them of escape comes moreover brought back in income through one resistance RC in order to concur with 1° the operational comparatore to behave itself as a pursuer during the phase of loads.
26) Sample-Hold: The circuit essentially is constituted from a FET that
leaves to pass only marks them of income when it marks them of
sampling the door in conduction concurring therefore loads with the
condenser place to goes them, when the interdice FET instead the
condenser is maintained memorizzato the last value and in order to
avoid that drainages in this phase have been closed on the resistance
of income of a tension pursuer. Analogous in order to avoid that
during the loaded phase of sampling the circuit the previous stage
comes inserted also in income a tension pursuer. The
dimensioning of the condenser must satisfy two opposite necessity in
fact during the holding phase of it would have to be much large one
while during the phase of sampling it would have to be much small so
as to to load itself instantaneously to the value of the income
tension or would have to be closed on a resistance much lowland
moreover has the problem that if the sampling interval is much short
one, being
27) Generator of wave quadrant: An operational comparatore is had in which the tension of
escape V0 is brought back is to
clip through a partitore R2 ,
R3 that through one R' net to
the clip â " connected to mass through a condenser. Be a
matter itself of a comparatore, in escape tensions V can be had only0H and V0L that it implies that to clip the reference
tensions are T1 = TH obtains imposing
28) Generator of impulses: Quadrant with a diode valve in parallel to the condenser is constituted from a wave generator place on the inverting clip. We suppose that in escape there is negative tension VOL , it directly polarizes
the diode valve therefore to the clip â " the tension is had -
Vg while to clip the
tension is had
29) Generator of rampa: A rampa of tension a lot can be obtained simply loading a
condenser ¬, but the linear course has itself for smaller times much
of the time constant in fact replacing the development of Taylor of
the exponential in the expression of only loads with the From |